Hey Coders! In this article, we're diving into a super important topic in Computer Science and programming - the OSI model. When I say it's important, I really mean it! Understanding this model is like unlocking the secrets of how data moves between computers and how networking actually works. Plus, it's a hot topic in interviews.
I remember struggling with this concept back in High School, and it even came up in my college viva and interviews. I asked questions, tried to grasp it, and finally got why it's so important.
So, let's get ready to unravel the mysteries of the OSI model together! 🚀
What is OSI Model and why are need it?
OSI stands for Open Systems Interconnection. It's like a blueprint for how computers talk to each other. Imagine it as a tower with seven floors. Each floor, or layer, has its own job, working together to make sure information travels between computers smoothly and reliably. This way, the whole communication process becomes organized and efficient.
The OSI model has defined the common terminology used in networking discussions and documentation. The model is important as :
It makes fixing problems easier and lets us find potential issues in all parts of the communication process.
The OSI model encourages companies that make computer parts to create products that can easily communicate to each other on a network.
It's like having a guidebook that breaks down a big job into smaller, manageable tasks.
The Seven Layers
All 7 layer plays a distinct role, contributing to the overall efficiency and reliability of data transfer.
The Host Layers or Upper Layer
The upper layers, also known as host layers, in the OSI model, are responsible for managing tasks related to software, applications, and user interactions. These layers focus on how data is presented to users and how communication is established between different software applications. There are three upper layers in the OSI model:
1. Application Layer (Layer 7):
This is the only layer that directly interacts with data from the user. Software applications like web browsers and email clients rely on the application layer to initiate communication.
Provides services directly to end-users or applications
Deals with application-specific protocols such as HTTP, SMTP, FTP, Telnet, etc.
Provides services such as file transfer
Ensures an application can effectively communicate with other applications on different computer systems and networks
Specifies the shared communications protocols and interface methods used by hosts in a communications network
Defines the format of the data on the network
Provides reliable and efficient communication between two or more devices
Is mainly responsible for the unique identification of each device that resides on a local network.
2. Presentation Layer (Layer 6):
The Presentation layer is involved in translating data between the application layer and the lower layers. It handles tasks such as data encryption, compression, and formatting. Its goal is to ensure that data sent from one system can be understood by the application layer of another system.
Translates one data format into another data format
Establishes context between application-layer entities
Formats data so that data representation in the application layer and across the system is acceptable and compatible
Ensures that communications that pass through it are in the appropriate form for the recipient application
Serializes complex data structures into flat byte-strings
The presentation layer's functions include:
Translation
Encryption & decryption
Compression & decompression
Structure representation
Two common examples of the presentation layer are:
Objects in object-oriented programming
The exact way that streaming video is transmitted
3. Session Layer (Layer 5):
The Session layer manages the establishment, maintenance, and termination of communication sessions between different applications. It coordinates the communication exchange between devices, making sure that data is exchanged smoothly. This layer is particularly important in scenarios involving multiple communication channels.
Establishing, maintaining, synchronizing, and terminating sessions between end-user applications
Controlling and maintaining connections between systems to share data
Allowing the systems to communicate in either half-duplex or full-duplex mode of communication
Helping a protocol to be more consistent and reliable
The Lower Layers or Media Layers
The lower layers, also known as the media layers, in the OSI model, handle the more fundamental aspects of network communication, primarily focusing on the physical transmission of data and the reliable transfer of information between adjacent nodes. These layers ensure that data can be sent and received accurately across the physical network infrastructure. There are four lower layers in the OSI model:
1. Transport Layer (Layer 4):
The Transport layer ensures end-to-end communication reliability. It manages issues like segmentation and reassembly of data, flow control, and error recovery. Protocols like TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) operate at this layer, providing reliable and ordered delivery of data.
Managing network traffic between hosts and end systems
Ensuring complete data transfers
Controlling the volume of data, where it is sent, and at what rate
Providing reliable data transfer services to the upper layers
Controlling the reliability of a given link through flow control, segmentation and desegmentation, and error control
Ensuring that the data packets arrive accurately and reliably between sender and receiver
Delivering an entire message from an application program on the source device to a similar application program on the destination device
2. Network Layer (Layer 3):
The Network layer is responsible for routing and forwarding data across interconnected networks. It deals with logical addressing, such as IP addresses, and determines the best path for data to travel from the source to the destination. Routers operate at this layer, making decisions about the most efficient route for data transmission.
The network layer handles service requests from the transport layer and forwards them to the data link layer.
The network layer translates logical addresses into physical addresses.
The network layer breaks down data segments into data packets and reassembles them on the receiver side.
The network layer delivers packets from source to destination across multiple links (networks).
The network layer finds destinations by using logical addresses, such as IP (internet protocol).
The network layer is composed of two parts:
Logical Link Control (LLC) Identifies network protocols, performs error checking, and synchronizes frames.
Media Access Control (MAC) Uses MAC addresses to connect devices and define permissions to transmit and receive data.
The network layer uses several protocols, including:
Internet Protocol (IP)
Routing
Testing
Encryption
3. Data Link Layer (Layer 2):
The Data Link layer creates a reliable link between adjacent nodes in a network. It handles tasks such as framing, error detection, and flow control. Devices like switches and network interface cards operate at this layer, ensuring that data is efficiently and accurately transferred between connected devices.
Encoding, decoding, and organizing data bits
Hiding the details of underlying hardware
Detecting errors in transmitted data
Correcting errors using error detection and correction techniques
Splitting data into chunks called frames
Handling each frame separately
4. Physical Layer (Layer 1):
The Physical layer deals with the physical connection between devices. It includes aspects such as cables, connectors, and the transmission of raw bits over a physical medium like copper wires or optical fibers. This layer is concerned with the actual hardware that enables data transmission.
The setup of physical connection to the network
Transmission and reception of signals
Transporting data using electrical, mechanical, or procedural interfaces
The physical layer consists of various network components such as: Power plugs, Connectors, Receivers, Cable types.
The physical layer is also responsible for:
Maintaining the data quality by applying necessary protocols
Maintaining the bit rate through the data transfer using wired and wireless medium
Converting frames received from the data link layer into bits
Wrapping Up
I hope you've learned at least a couple of things from this article, thank you for reading till the end! And let me know if I should change or add anything to this article. For daily web development threads, updates, and content follow me on Twitter. Happy Coding🌼
